PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Formula:
(+) S +
have/has + V3
(-) S
+ have/sas Not + V3
(?) Have/has
+ S + V3 + ?
Here are
some examples of the present perfect tense:
subject
|
auxiliary
verb
|
main verb
|
|||
+
|
I
|
have
|
seen
|
ET.
|
|
+
|
You
|
have
|
eaten
|
mine.
|
|
-
|
She
|
has
|
not
|
been
|
to Rome.
|
-
|
We
|
have
|
not
|
played
|
football.
|
?
|
Have
|
you
|
finished?
|
||
?
|
Have
|
they
|
done
|
it?
|
The PRESENT PERFECT TENSE is formed with a present tense form of "to have" plus the past
participle of the verb (which can be either regular or irregular in form). This
tense indicates either that an action was completed (finished or
"perfected") at some point in the past or that the action extends to
the present:
- I have walked two miles already [but I'm
still walking].
- I have run the Boston Marathon [but that was
some time ago].
- The critics have praised the film Saving
Private Ryan since it came out [and they continue to do so].
The choice between Present Perfect and Simple Past is often determined by the adverbial accompanying the verb. With adverbs referring to a period gone by, we would use the simple past:
- I studied all night/yesterday/on Wednesday.
With adverbs beginning in
the past and going up to present, we would use the present perfect:
- I have studied up to now/lately/already.
An
adverbial time-marker such as "today, this month," or "for an
hour" can take either the simple past or present perfect:
- I worked/have worked hard today.
We tend to use the Present
Perfect when reporting or announcing an event of the recent past:
- The company's current CEO has lied repeatedly
to her employees.
But we tend to use the
Simple Past when reporting or announcing events of the finished, more distant
past:
- Washington encouraged
his troops.
Because the time limits for Present Perfect are relatively elastic
(stretching up to the present), it is somewhat less definite than the
Simple Past:
- Brett has worked with some of the best chefs
of Europe [in the course of his long and continuing career].
- Brett worked with Chef Pierre LeGout [when he
lived in Paris].
1. Verbal Sentence’ Formula:
Subject (I, You, We, They) + have + past participle
Subject (He, She, It) + has + past participle
Examples:
1. I have just come.
2. She has just called me.
2. Nominal Sentence’s Formula:
Subject (I, You, We, They) + have + been + past participle
Subject (He, She, It) + has + been + past participle
Examples:
1. Tono has written a letter for his mother.
2. I have seen that movie.
3. My mother has bought me a new T-shirt.
4. I have worked as an engineer since 1985.
5. She has lived in Palangkaraya for 12 years.
c. Present Perfect Tense
1. Verbal Sentence’ Formula:
Subject (I, You, We, They) + have + been + verb-ing
Subject (He, She, It) + has + been + verb-ing
Examples:
1. John has been studying in SMA Negeri 22Palangkaraya since 2010.
2. I have been working in Kuala Kurun for 10 years.
(Notice how the topic of Brett's work is narrowed
down as we move from Present Perfect to Simple Past.)
Singular
|
Plural
|
I have
walked
|
we have
walked
|
you have
walked
|
you have
walked
|
he/she/it
has walked
|
they have
walked
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
I have
slept
|
we have
slept
|
you have
slept
|
you have
slept
|
he/she/it
has slept
|
they have
slept
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
I have
been
|
we have
been
|
you have
been
|
you have
been
|
he/she/it
has been
|
they have
been
|
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